General Musculoskeletal Research
244 peer-reviewed studies, with plain-language summaries and links to the original research.
- (Golden Oldie) Should exercises be painful in the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- (Golden Oldie) The effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for musculoskeletal conditions by physical therapists: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Association between temporal spatial parameters and overuse injury history in runners: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Effect of sports massage on performance and recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Effectiveness of Mulligan's mobilization with movement techniques on pain and disability of peripheral joints: a systematic review with meta-analysis between 2008-2017Meta-analysisSummary
- Evidence of intrinsic foot muscle training in improving foot function: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Family history of pain and risk of musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- How to empower patients? A systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Social cognitive or learning theory use to improve self-efficacy in musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Tensor fascia latae muscle structure and activation in individuals with lower limb musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Trigger point manual therapy for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysisSummary
- Better safe than sorry? A systematic review with meta-analysis on time to return to sport after ACLRMeta-analysis
- Efficacy of therapeutic patient education for managing subacute and chronic musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review with meta-analysisMeta-analysis
- It hurts to move! Assessing and treating movement-evoked pain in patients with musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review with meta-analysisMeta-analysis
- Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysisMeta-analysis
- A systematic review on diagnosing deltoid ligament injuries: are we missing a uniform standardSystematic reviewSummary
- Alternatives to common approaches for training change of direction performance: a scoping reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- Are invasive procedures effective for chronic pain? A systematic reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- Are within and/or between session improvements in pain and function prognostic of medium and long-term improvements in musculoskeletal problems? A systematic reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- Criteria used for the diagnosis of myofascial trigger points in clinical trials on physical therapy: updated systematic reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- Do alterations in muscle strength, flexibility, range of motion, and alignment predict lower extremity injury in runners: a systematic reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- How does hormone transition in transgender women change body composition, muscle strength and haemoglobin? Systematic review with a focus on the implications for sport participationSystematic reviewSummary
- Return to sport after metacarpal and phalangeal fractures: a systematic review and evidence appraisalSystematic reviewSummary
- The effectiveness of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization in athletes, participants without extremity or spinal conditions, and individuals with upper extremity, lower extremity and spinal conditions: a systematic reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- The effectiveness of slider and tensioner neural mobilization techniques in the management of upper quadrant pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trialsSystematic reviewSummary
- The evidence base for physiotherapy in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome when considering post-exertional malaise: a systematic review and narrative synthesisSystematic reviewSummary
- The immediate effects of passive joint mobilisation on local muscle function. A systematic review of the literatureSystematic reviewSummary
- The impact of therapeutic alliance in physical therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literatureSystematic reviewSummary
- The importance of selecting the correct site to apply spinal manipulation when treating spinal pain: myth or reality? A systematic reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- What are the current practices of sports physiotherapists in integrating psychological strategies during athletes' return-to-play rehabilitation? Mixed methods systematic reviewSystematic reviewSummary
- Assessment and early investigation of cauda equina syndrome: a systematic review of existing evidenceSystematic review
- Combining a psychological intervention with physiotherapy: a systematic review to determine the effect on physical function and quality of life for adults with chronic painSystematic review
- Common elective orthopaedic procedures and their clinical effectiveness: umbrella review of level 1 evidenceSystematic review
- Effectiveness of multicomponent lower extremity injury prevention programmes in team-sport athletes: an umbrella reviewSystematic review
- Is core stability a risk factor for lower extremity injuries in an athletic population? A systematic reviewSystematic review
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their effect on musculoskeletal soft-tissue healing: a scoping reviewSystematic review
- Rehabilitation following meniscal repair: a systematic reviewSystematic review
- Return to play following nonsurgical management of superior labrum anterior-posterior tears: a systematic reviewSystematic review
- Social determinants of health are associated with physical therapy use: a systematic reviewSystematic review
- Topical glyceryl trinitrate for the treatment of tendinopathies: a systematic reviewSystematic review
- (Golden Oldie) Acute hamstring injuries in Swedish elite sprinters and jumpers: a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing two rehabilitation protocolsRCTSummary
- Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy versus physical therapy for traumatic meniscal tears in a young study population: a randomised controlled trialRCTSummary
- Early versus delayed lengthening exercises for acute hamstring injury in male athletes: a randomised controlled clinical trialRCTSummary
- Immediate biomechanical, systemic, and interoceptive effects of myofascial release on the thoracic spine: a randomised controlled trialRCTSummary
- Pain-free versus pain-threshold rehabilitation following acute hamstring strain injury: a randomized controlled trialRCTSummary
- Motion control shoes reduce the risk of pronation-related pathologies in recreational runners: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trialRCT
- Physiotherapist advice to older inpatients about the importance of staying physically active during hospitalization reduces sedentary time, increases daily steps and preserves mobility: a randomized trialRCT
- Stabilization exercises versus flexion exercises in degenerative spondylolisthesis: a randomized controlled trialRCT
- Effectiveness of early rehabilitation for vertebral compression fractures: a retrospective cohort studyCohort study
- "Every patient teaches you something new": experiences of physiotherapists delivering cognitive functional therapyPrimary studySummary
- "If somebody had told me I'd feel like I do now, I wouldn't have believed them" (qualitative)Primary studySummary
- (Golden Oldie) How expectations shape painPrimary studySummary
- A modern way to teach and practice manual therapyPrimary studySummary
- A nerve root decompression position identified by 3D CT scan: the modified reversed contralateral positionPrimary studySummary
- Assessment and management of cauda equina syndromePrimary studySummary
- Association between change in self-efficacy and reduction in disability among patients with chronic painPrimary studySummary
- Back foot influence on dorsiflexion using three different positions of the weight bearing lunge testPrimary studySummary
- Baseline assessments of strength and balance performance and bilateral asymmetries in collegiate athletesPrimary studySummary
- Can even experienced orthopaedic surgeons predict who will benefit from surgery when patients present with degenerative meniscal tears? A survey of 194 orthopaedic surgeons who made 3880 predictionsPrimary studySummary
- Can injury risk category be changed in athletes? An analysis of an injury prevention systemPrimary studySummary
- Can the workload-injury relationship be moderated by improved strength, speed and repeated-sprint qualities?Primary studySummary
- Clinical consensus on diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg: a Delphi analysisConsensusSummary
- Clinical outcomes of arthroscopic treatment for triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions in adolescent elite athletesPrimary studySummary
- Conservative management of a suspected triangular fibrocartilage complex injuryPrimary studySummary
- Conservative treatment of anterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the military, with a mid-term follow-upPrimary studySummary
- Core stability is associated with dynamic postural balance in soccer playersPrimary studySummary
- Creaky knees: is there a reason for concern? A qualitative studyPrimary studySummary
- Creating prep to play PRO for women playing elite Australian football: a how-to guide for developing injury-prevention programsPrimary studySummary
- Deceleration training in team sports: another potential 'vaccine' for sports-related injury?Primary studySummary
- Developmental stage and lower quadriceps flexibility and decreased gastrocnemius flexibilityPrimary studySummary
- Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of common lower extremity muscle injuries in sport, grading the evidence: a statement paper commissioned by the Danish Society of Sports Physical TherapyConsensusSummary
- Do injury-resistant runners have distinct differences in clinical measures compared to recently injured runners?Primary studySummary
- Do niggles matter? Increased injury risk following physical complaints in football (soccer)Primary studySummary
- Do the number of visits and the cost of musculoskeletal care improve outcomes? More may not be betterPrimary studySummary
- Does hands-on guarding influence performance on the functional gait assessment?Primary studySummary
- Does shockwave therapy lead to better pain and function than sham over 12 weeksPrimary studySummary
- Effect of a 6-week weighted baseball throwing program on pitch velocity, pitching arm biomechanics, passive range of motion, and injury ratesPrimary studySummary
- Effect of high-intensity interval training in physiotherapy primary care for patientsPrimary studySummary
- Effectiveness and safety of manual therapy when compared with oral pain medicationPrimary studySummary
- Effects of kinesiotape versus low-Dye tape on pain and comfort measures in patientsPrimary studySummary
- Efficacy of a new injury prevention programme (FUNBALL) in young male football (soccer) playersPrimary studySummary
- Evaluation of skeletal muscle activity during foot training exercises using positron emission tomographyPrimary studySummary
- Foot stiffening during the push-off phase of human walking is linked to active muscle contraction, and not the windlass mechanismPrimary studySummary
- Hamstring injury rates have increased and now constitute 24% of all injuries (UEFA study)Primary studySummary
- High compliance with the 11+ injury prevention program results in better win-loss recordsPrimary studySummary
- Higher age and present injury at the start of the season are risk factors for in-season injury in amateur footballersPrimary studySummary
- How injury prevention programs are being structured and implemented worldwide: an international survey of sports physical therapistsPrimary studySummary
- How injury registration and preseason assessment are being delivered: an international survey of sports physical therapistsPrimary studySummary
- Immediate effects of myofascial release to the pectoral fascia on posture and range of motionPrimary studySummary
- Injury patterns in highly specialized youth athletes: a comparison of 2 pathways to sportPrimary studySummary
- Intratendinous hamstring injuries: sequential MRIs as a tool to reduce the risk of reinjury in elite sportPrimary studySummary
- Is the side bridge test valid and reliable for assessing trunk lateral flexor endurance in recreational female athletes?Primary studySummary
- Isolated, full-thickness proximal rectus femoris injury in competitive athletesPrimary studySummary
- Let's talk about pain catastrophizing measures: an item content analysisPrimary studySummary
- Limitations of athlete-exposures as a construct for comparisons of injury rates by gender/sexPrimary studySummary
- Low-value care in musculoskeletal health care: is there a way forward?Primary studySummary
- Mapping tenderness to palpation predicts return to play following acute hamstring strainPrimary studySummary
- Mixed session periodization as a new approach for strength, power, functional performance, and body composition enhancement in aging adultsPrimary studySummary
- More frequent empathic communication by physical therapists is associated with improved outcomes for low-impact chronic painPrimary studySummary
- No baseline strength differences between female recreational runners who developed an injury and injury free runners during a 16-week formalized training programPrimary studySummary
- Pain in persons who are marginalized by social conditionsPrimary studySummary
- Physical activity should be the primary intervention for individuals living with painPrimary studySummary
- Potential nervous system sensitization in patients with persistent lower extremity tendinopathies: 3 case reportsPrimary studySummary
- Practical approaches for clinicians in chronic pain management: strategies and solutionsPrimary studySummary
- Psychologically informed physical therapy for musculoskeletal pain: current approaches, implications, and future directions from recent randomized trialsPrimary studySummary
- Reduced match exposure in the previous 2 matches accounts for hamstring muscle injuryPrimary studySummary
- Rehabilitation and return to play of the athlete after an upper extremity injuryPrimary studySummary
- Reliability of different clinical techniques for assessing foot posturePrimary studySummary
- Return to play after a hamstring strain injury: it is time to consider natural healingPrimary studySummary
- Return to play and recurrence after calf muscle strain injuries in elite Australian football playersPrimary studySummary
- Risk factors for hamstring muscle injury in male elite football: medical expert consensusConsensusSummary
- Role of the intrinsic subtalar ligaments in subtalar instabilityPrimary studySummary
- Self-reported head trauma predicts poor dual task gait in retired NFL playersPrimary studySummary
- Soft bandage, splint or cast as the treatment of distal forearm torus fracture in childrenPrimary studySummary
- Spinal manipulation and mobilisation among infants, children, and adolescentsPrimary studySummary
- Standing on single foot-binding test yields satisfactory results as a novel methodPrimary studySummary
- Strength and power training in rehabilitation: underpinning principles and practical strategies to return athletes to high performancePrimary studySummary
- Stress fractures of the foot: current evidence on managementPrimary studySummary
- Surgery for chronic musculoskeletal pain: the question of evidencePrimary studySummary
- Sustained versus repetitive standing trunk extension results in greater spinal growthPrimary studySummary
- Symptomatic joint hypermobilityPrimary studySummary
- Test-retest reliability and discriminative ability of forward, medial and rotational single-leg hop testsPrimary studySummary
- The assessment, management and prevention of calf muscle strain injuries: a qualitative study of the practices and perspectives of 20 expert sports cliniciansPrimary studySummary
- The core of the issue: plank performance and pain in the lower backPrimary studySummary
- The diagnosis and management of medial tibial stress syndrome: an evidence updatePrimary studySummary
- The effectiveness of graded motor imagery training on pain and functionalityPrimary studySummary
- The effects of facilitatory and inhibitory kinesiotaping of vastus medialis on the activation and fatigue of superficial quadriceps musclesPrimary studySummary
- The smallest worthwhile effect on pain intensity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsPrimary studySummary
- Visual inspection for lower limb malalignment diagnosis is unreliablePrimary studySummary
- What do patients referred to physical therapy for a musculoskeletal condition expect? A qualitative assessmentPrimary studySummary
- (Golden Oldie) Biceps disorder rehabilitation for the athlete: a continuum of moderate- to high-load exercisesPrimary study
- (Golden Oldie) Periodization and sport physical therapy: bridging the gap between training and rehabilitationPrimary study
- (Golden Oldie) Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosisPrimary study
- (Golden Oldie) Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 2: non-surgical and surgical managementPrimary study
- A clinically-reasoned approach to manual therapy in sports physical therapyPrimary study
- A hierarchical cluster analysis to determine whether injured runners exhibit similar kinematic gait patternsPrimary study
- A new definition of pain: update and implications for physical therapy practice and rehabilitation sciencePrimary study
- A qualitative screening tool to identify athletes with 'high-risk' movement mechanics during cutting: the cutting movement assessment score (CMAS)Primary study
- A randomized crossover trial on the effects of cadence on calf raise test outcomesPrimary study
- A survey on gamification for health rehabilitation care: applications and opportunitiesPrimary study
- Acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of immersive virtual technologiesPrimary study
- Acute inflammatory response via neutrophil activation protects against the development of chronic painPrimary study
- Adverse childhood experiences in mothers with chronic pain and intergenerational impact on childrenPrimary study
- Age-related decline of cognitive resources precedes and explains the decline in physical activityPrimary study
- Arthrogenic muscle inhibition: best evidence, mechanisms, and theory for treating the unseen in clinical rehabilitationPrimary study
- Beliefs in the population about cracking sounds produced during spinal manipulationPrimary study
- Beware of the 'moving target': uninvolved limb strength increases to exceed pre-operative values after ACLRPrimary study
- Can we reduce injury risk during the adolescent growth spurt? An iterative sequencePrimary study
- Clinical presentation and rehabilitation progression following hamstring injury assessed by BAMIC in elite track and fieldPrimary study
- Cognitive functional therapy with or without movement sensor biofeedback versus usual carePrimary study
- Combined hormonal contraceptive use is not protective against musculoskeletal injuryPrimary study
- Comparison of a pain tolerability question with the numeric rating scale for assessment of self-reported chronic painPrimary study
- Consensus statement: fascial tissue research in sports medicine: from molecules to tissue adaptation, injury and diagnosticsConsensus
- Curl-up exercises improve abdominal muscle strength without worsening inter-recti distancePrimary study
- Decoupled epineurial and axonal deformation in mouse median and ulnar nervesPrimary study
- Development of a coaching protocol to enhance self-efficacy within outpatient physical therapyPrimary study
- Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica: a clinical updatePrimary study
- Differences in lower limb strength and structure after 12 weeks of resistance, endurance, and concurrent trainingPrimary study
- Do not throw the baby out with the bathwater; screening can identify meaningful risk factors for sports injuriesPrimary study
- Early functional outcomes following open reconstruction of the triangular fibrocartilage complexPrimary study
- Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualised, progressive walking programPrimary study
- Effectiveness of neural mobilisation for the treatment of nerve-related cervicobrachial painPrimary study
- Effectiveness of psychological interventions delivered by physiotherapistsPrimary study
- Effects of high frequency strengthening on pain sensitivity and functionPrimary study
- Effects of spinal manipulation or mobilization as an adjunct to neurodynamic mobilizationPrimary study
- Essential components of physical therapist management of patients with osteoporosis: a Delphi studyConsensus
- Establishing normal variances and expectations for quadriceps limb symmetry index benchmarksPrimary study
- Evaluation of the single leg stance test for an annual preventative physical therapy examPrimary study
- From fear to safety: a roadmap to recovery from musculoskeletal painPrimary study
- Gender discrimination is associated with greater chronic pain interference among womenPrimary study
- Goal-setting in physiotherapy: exploring a person-centered perspectivePrimary study
- Hamstrings muscle architecture and morphology following 6 weeks of eccentrically-biased trainingPrimary study
- Harmful words: a qualitative survey of pain clinicians' perspectives on unhelpful messages in chronic painPrimary study
- How expectancy violations facilitate learning to cope with pain: an experimental approachPrimary study
- How to activate the glutes best? Peak muscle activity of acceleration-specific pre-activation exercisesPrimary study
- Individual distribution of muscle hypertrophy among hamstring muscle headsPrimary study
- Injury prevention programmes fail to change most lower limb kinematics and kineticsPrimary study
- Integrating person-centered concepts and modern manual therapyPrimary study
- International framework for red flags for potential serious spinal pathologiesPrimary study
- Intrinsic foot muscle size and associations with strength, pain and foot-related functionPrimary study
- It's not all about sprinting: mechanisms of acute hamstring strain injuriesPrimary study
- Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the Askling L-protocol for hamstring trainingPrimary study
- Labral tears and chondral lesions are common comorbidities identified during examinationPrimary study
- Limitations of separating athletes into high or low-risk groups based on a cutoffPrimary study
- Manual therapy: always a passive treatment?Primary study
- Mechanical symptoms and meniscal tear: a reappraisalPrimary study
- Neuroimmune interactions in musculoskeletal conditions: an introduction for cliniciansPrimary study
- No difference in clinical outcome at 2-year follow-up in patients with type III and V AC joint injuriesPrimary study
- Non-specific diagnostic labels for musculoskeletal conditions foster positive views about managementPrimary study
- Not all pain in sports is caused by tissue damage. Should management change?Primary study
- Objective and subjective measures to guide upper extremity return to sport testingPrimary study
- Obturator externus was larger, while obturator internus size was similar in ballet dancers compared to nondancing athletesPrimary study
- Orofacial musculoskeletal pain: an evidence-based bio-psycho-social matrix modelPrimary study
- Patient-centered care in musculoskeletal practice: key elements to support clinicians to focus on the personPrimary study
- Patient-centred care: the cornerstone for high-value musculoskeletal pain managementPrimary study
- Pelvic mapping to explore patterns of chronic pelvic painPrimary study
- Physical activity and life expectancy: a life-table analysisPrimary study
- Physical activity promotion attitudes and practices among outpatient physical therapists: results of a national surveyPrimary study
- Physical inactivity is the most important unhealthy lifestyle factor for pain severityPrimary study
- Physiotherapist perceptions of optimal sitting and standing posturePrimary study
- Probing multi-scale mechanics of peripheral nerve collagen and myelin by X-ray diffractionPrimary study
- Progressing on-court rehabilitation after injury: the Control-Chaos Continuum adaptedPrimary study
- Pros and cons of using artificial intelligence chatbots for musculoskeletal rehabilitation managementPrimary study
- Recognizing axial spondyloarthritis: a guide for primary carePrimary study
- Relationships between profiles of physical activity and major mobility disability in the LIFE studyPrimary study
- Reliability of direct and indirect measures of intrinsic foot muscle strength in adultsPrimary study
- Screening for yellow flags in orthopaedic physical therapy: a clinical frameworkPrimary study
- Screening psychological factors in pelvic pain: validation of the Pelvic Pain Psychological Screening Questionnaire (3PSQ)Primary study
- Stress-induced hyperalgesia instead of analgesia in patients with chronic musculoskeletal painPrimary study
- Successful 10-second one-legged stance performance predicts survival in middle-aged adultsPrimary study
- The ability of physiotherapists to identify psychosocial factors in patientsPrimary study
- The application of psychologically informed practice: observations of experienced physiotherapists working with people with chronic painPrimary study
- The bidirectional association between chronic musculoskeletal pain and sleep-related problemsPrimary study
- The broken wing sign: a new clinical test to detect gluteus medius pathology with and without fatty infiltrationPrimary study
- The clinical effectiveness of a physiotherapy delivered physical and psychological interventionPrimary study
- The CROM-VAS test: a novel and reliable clinical test to assess immediate pain reliefPrimary study
- The effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy in treating spinal pain does not depend on techniquePrimary study
- The formal EU-US Meniscus Rehabilitation 2024 Consensus (ESSKA-AOSSM-AASPT), Part I: rehabilitation management after meniscus surgeryConsensus
- The psychometric properties of the short physical performance batteryPrimary study
- The resisted levator scapulae test: a clinical test for C4 radiculopathyPrimary study
- The role of the physiotherapist in treating survivors of sexual assaultPrimary study
- Theories of physical activity behaviour change: a history and synthesis of approachesPrimary study
- Want to improve return to sport outcomes following injury? (return to sport model)Primary study
- What factors do clinicians, coaches and athletes perceive are associated with hamstring injuryPrimary study
- What should all health professionals know about movement behaviour change? An introductionPrimary study
- Which portion of physiotherapy treatments' effect is attributable to contextual effectsPrimary study
- A critical review of the role of manual therapy in the treatment of individualsNarrative reviewSummary
- Biomechanical and neuromuscular performance requirements of horizontal deceleration: a review with implications for random intermittent multi-directional sportsNarrative reviewSummary
- Calf strains in athletes: a narrative review of management, injury grading, and return to sportNarrative reviewSummary
- Carpometacarpal fracture-dislocations: a retrospective review of injury characteristics and radiographic outcomesNarrative reviewSummary
- Cryotherapy for treating soft tissue injuries in sports medicine: a critical reviewNarrative reviewSummary
- Do self-myofascial release devices release myofascia? Rolling mechanisms: a narrative reviewNarrative reviewSummary
- Editorial review: recommendations for hamstring injury prevention in elite football: translating research into practiceNarrative reviewSummary
- Integrated manual therapies: IASP taskforce viewpointNarrative reviewSummary
- Lower leg muscle structure and function are altered in long-distance runners with medial tibial stress syndrome: a case control studyCase seriesSummary
- Meniscus injuries: a review of rehabilitation and return to playNarrative reviewSummary
- Physical activity as a central pillar of lifestyle modification in the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain: a narrative reviewNarrative reviewSummary
- Piriformis syndrome: a narrative review of the anatomy, diagnosis and treatmentNarrative reviewSummary
- The mechanisms of manual therapy: a living review of systematic, narrative, and scoping reviewsNarrative reviewSummary
- Are weather conditions associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain? Review of results and methodologiesNarrative review
- How do tendons adapt? Going beyond tissue responses to understand positive adaption and pathology development: a narrative reviewNarrative review
- Injury risk in elite young male soccer players: a review on the impact of growth and maturationNarrative review
- Return to sport and beyond following intramuscular hamstring injury: a case report of an English Premier League football playerCase series
- Viewpoint: is it time to reframe how we care for people with non-traumatic musculoskeletal pain?Narrative review